Patrick McCartney
Visiting Fellow, Australian National University
psdmccartney@gmail.com
Abstract
This article explores an under-appreciated relation between the quotidian practices of Western yoga practitioners and the global agenda of Hindu supremacism. It demonstrates how yoga, or rather, the yoga body, can be a political instrument. I suggest that yoga practitioners, whether they choose to or not, engage in tacit, naive and unwitting support of a Hindu supremacist ideology through the adoption of various yoga-inflected lifestyles within the global yoga consumption-scape.
I first came across the phrase ‘Vedic way of life’ in 2013 during doctoral fieldwork into the global yoga industry. It was during my year of ethnographic fieldwork in the Shanti Mandir ashram in southern Gujarat, India, that I noticed this innocuous phrase on their website (Mandir 2016). I took it for granted that I knew what it meant, and that it was simply an idiosyncratic phrase. However, it is ubiquitous and can be found in different ways across the internet. It is particularly embedded in the marketing rhetoric of the global yoga industry. In this article, I problematise this ‘Vedic way of life’ phrase, and take a phenomenological approach to investigate what exactly people imagine a ‘Vedic way of life’ to be.
The focus of this article is to demonstrate that through our practice of yoga we appropriate and consume various cultural symbols, ideas and practices. While there are multiple modernities and hetereotopic spaces, there is a banal consumption of yoga that includes adopting variants of a ‘Vedic way of life’. The idea of heterotopic spaces builds on the utopian/dystopian binary. It is neither good nor bad, but different. It is a space where ideas or groups have little perceived connections with one another (Mead 1995: 13). The global yoga industry is ostensibly an unregulated, heterogeneous market. While there are many yoga-focused guilds and alliances, there is no global body that governs international best practices, or which has any control over what yoga is or should be defined as. Furthermore, due to this heterotopia, the unrecognised intersection between global yoga and Hindu supremacism allows for a supremacist narrative to be subtlety infused within global yoga’s rhetoric. I argue that this can lead to a type of banal nationalism. These assertions are based on my almost 20 years of working in the global yoga industry, and as an anthropologist who works on the links between the production of desire, the politics of imagination, and the economics of religion.
I assert that through adoption of certain yoga-inflected lifestyles we are (or at least at risk of becoming) unwitting supporters of an imperialist, Hindu supremacist agenda that has global, expansionist aspirations. The broader aim of my research is to explore whether the ontological realities may or may not be commensurable. There are parallel aspirations for an identity that includes the use of similar narratives and textual sources of authority, which are sourced from the Sanskrit episteme, i.e. the justified ‘true’ beliefs found within the Sanskrit literary canon.
When viewed through a utopian framework, the social, political, religious and economic implications of Hindu supremacism, and its overlapping and intersecting relationship with the discrete, arguably similar, utopian worlds of yoga practitioners urge us to consider many things. This article seeks to assert that there is more to yoga, India and our consumptive practices than what is happening on the yoga mat.
A ‘Vedic way of life’ is an appeal to tradition, nature, emotion, and authority. It is perceived as being older and, therefore, many consider its intrinsic properties as inherently better (read ‘purer’) than anything late-stage capitalism and Western culture is supposedly able to offer. According to Darling (2014: 13), the temporality of nationalism, which relates to ideas of a ‘Vedic India’ allows for affective attachments of collective unity and common purpose to form. These affective bonds rely on narratives of loss, which invoke a sense of nostalgia for a future-past (similar, perhaps to a future perfect tense, i.e. ‘will have’) that is potentially more cohesive. It is considered the antithesis of the hyper-consumption and perceived moral vacuity of the West. It is here we find in some ways the source of yoga’s popularity and the greatest irony of all. Yoga’s popularity is a direct result of the capitalist infrastructure and consumerism to which it is constantly marketed as being antithetical.
Yoga is a key instrument in India’s foreign policy, the re-making of ‘Brand India’ and the rebranding of yoga (Gowen 2014). As Gowen points out, rebranding yoga and India is a counter-hegemonical, post-colonial ‘take back’ that builds upon centuries of oppression from colonial rulers and frustration at how yoga is commodified and seemingly cut off from its cultural roots without due acknowledgement. For example, there are no royalties paid to the Indian state for the global expansion of yoga.
The normative idea of ‘yoga’ guides India’s soft power diplomacy on the global stage through such events as World Yoga Day and International Yoga Day. Prime Minister Modi is fond of asserting that due to India’s cultural capital as the ‘home of yoga’, it is the self-appointed ‘world guru’ (viśva-guru) that has the ‘necessary’ moral superiority (i.e. dharma) that will save the world from consuming itself (Singh 2014). As Reddy (2008: 99) asserts, the Vedic literature used today to interpret Vedic culture is representative of an ‘ideal’ society. Bowman (2015) points out that this is based on a post-secular (re)turn towards a reconstituted axial age (800-200 BCE), and that as political borders become in some ways increasingly irrelevant, this has given political agency to many religious groups within transnational civil society.
Even though Van der Veer (2016) warns anthropologists, at least, against using civilisational narratives, the Indian state homogenises core axial ideals to create a civilisational ethos. Examples are found within India’s official tourism and health/wellness marketing strategies (Union Ministry of Ayush 2016; Union Ministry of Tourism 2015). An example of its use within the wellness industry is the following:
Welcome to Veda Spa – Veda means ageless, eternal “Science” or “Knowledge” built on Siddhantas and Unchanging Principles. Veda is not just a theory it is a map for how to derive practical benefit from the knowledge. Our mission is to become leader in the segment of wellness spas in India by ensuring a proper balance between aspiration and potential investor so that the spa guests, developer and operator gets benefits from pampering treatments & therapies. (Vedaspas 2016)
‘Vedic’ ideas are involved in how the past, India and yoga are represented within the global consumption-scape, and how they are operationalised to suggest possible, alternative futures through the production of desire. The result is that many western interpretations of a ‘traditional’ Indian yoga lifestyle are consumed based on these official narratives, symbols and fetishised goods. Having then consumed the official narratives, they are often criticised for an ‘insensitive appropriation’ of aspects of Indian culture.
Just like the BDSM community in Weiss’ (2011) work, the yoga community is involved in similar ‘circuits of capital, commodities, and neoliberal ideologies of gender and race’ (Weiss 2016: 632). As yoga is increasingly normalised, regulated and institutionalised, the battle to control it and its role in the means of persuasion intensify. Engaging a queer epistemology assists in exploring the politics of imagination, the production of desire, the consumption of intangible goods inherent in the commodification of yoga, and the legitimising discourses used to achieve these intertwined aims, which are social, commercial and political.
***
In 1987 Swami Nityananda Saraswati (1967- ) established Shanti Mandir, which means the ‘Temple of Peace’, and of which he continues as the current spiritual head (Mandir 2016). Shanti Mandir is aligned with an older tradition (Sabharathnam et al. 1997). However, it is a result of contentious succession issues that occurred during the mid-80s schism in the Siddha Yoga empire, which was created by the charismatic, entrepreneurial, ‘Tantric godman’ Baba Muktananda (1908-1982) (Jain 2014; Williamson 2005).
Today, Shanti Mandir has a global network of ashrams and allied yoga centres. Its devotees support the organisation through their generous donations of money, time and labour. These investments of different species of capital are essential towards the growth of the organisation and the implementation of its charitable work (Jain 2013; Thursby 1991).
The ashram, which is known as ‘Magod’ is located three hours north of Mumbai on the west coast of India. It is a 20-acre biodynamic mango orchard that was donated by a devotee of Muktananda in the late 1990s, and has since evolved into an āśrama, which is a cloistered, intentional community like the western concept of a monastery. Shanti Mandir describes it as a ‘beautiful and serene natural setting’ (Mandir 2016). Even though Shanti Mandir is a new religious movement and promotes a neo-Advaita/Hindu philosophy,[i] it offers an orthodox and Sanskritic form of religious practice and identity, which originated in the Vedic period (1200-500 BCE). This is when the oldest scriptures of Hinduism were composed in the Sanskrit language, which many consider to be the ‘Latin of Asia’ (Times of India 2014). Sanskrit is perceived as having ‘divine’ status as a deva-bhāṣā (divine-language). Shanti Mandir provides a glimpse of what this ‘Vedic way of life’ encapsulates on their website:
- Guiding seekers to the direct experience of divinity through Sanskrit chanting, silent meditation, study of sacred texts, the offering of service, and participation in sacred rituals
- Continuing the Vedic tradition through teaching the Vedic way of life and the philosophy of Vedanta, performing the ancient sacred rituals of the tradition, and receiving other saints of the tradition
- Shri Muktananda Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya – a free Sanskrit school that provides a rounded and authentic exposure to Vedic teachings (Mandir 2016)
Sanskrit, particularly Vedic Sanskrit, is an integral part of this community’s religious practice. It is also clear from the second point that the ‘Vedic way of life’ is encapsulated by the ‘philosophy of Vedanta’, which in this case refers to the non-dualistic (advaita) school of thought. Vedānta [‘the end (anta) of the Veda’] is the later philosophical developments of the Upaniṣad-s. While Vedānta is a philosophy, at its core it is also an epistemology that aims to offer individuals techniques to identify what suffering is through determining ‘right’ or ‘true’ knowledge from ‘false impressions’ (Chatterjee 2003). This refers to the cultivation of self-awareness as an attempt to end false cognitions that the subject and object are the same. However, it also refers to what this epistemic community (i.e. Shanti Mandir as a community of seekers of ‘right knowledge’) consider valid, which is domain-specific, and quite often non-arbitrary, in the sense it is difficult, if not impossible, to verify the subjective truth claims made by members of the community.
One way to understand a Vedic lifestyle is through the term vaidika which relates to the notion that someone knows the Vedas and conforms to the rules prescribed for proper ritual and moral conduct (vaidikatva). Central to a ‘Vedic’ identity and lifestyle is the chanting of Vedic (Sanskrit) texts. According to Saraswati (2010: 1), the principle text of such a lifestyle is the Ṣaṭa Rudrīya, which is also known as the Rudrāṣṭādhyāyī or the Śrī Rudram. Recitation is said to have ontological benefits of removing spiritual obstacles and mental-emotional blockages (citta-naiścalya). Saraswati (2010: 4) quotes verse 24 of the Kaivalyopaniṣad (the Upaniṣad of Beatitude), which asserts that whoever recites the Rudram will be freed from various types of sin. Shanti Mandir has published through YouTube a recitation of this text under the title: Havan with Rudrashtadhyayi-Vedic fire ritual (Mandir 2015).
As per Shanti Mandir’s list above, the act of chanting Sanskrit mantra-s is the principal technique employed to guide ‘seekers to the direct experience of divinity’ and ‘invoke the Guru’s eternal presence’ (Mandir 2014). The Rudram is the first text recited every day in Shanti Mandir’s ashram. The reason for the primacy of chanting is that its efficacy is said to come from being a type of nāda-yoga (union through sound), which includes the following steps from the famous ‘eight limbs of yoga’ (aṣṭāṅga-yoga): sitting in a fixed position (āsana); rhythmic breathing (prāṇāyāma); withdrawing the senses (pratyāhara); leading to focused attention (ekagrata), concentration (dharaṇa), meditation (dhyana) and possibly even the purportedly final, blissful state of samādhi.
Apart from worship of the guru (guru-seva), chanting forms the base of Shanti Mandir’s ‘modern yoga’ or practical philosophical tools, which it offers from its position within the hyper-competitive global yoga industry. In line with Weber’s ideas related to disenchantment and rationalisation, Shanti Mandir asserts that the gap between knowledge (jñāna) and wisdom (vijñāna) can be bridged through their system of yoga, as Shanti Mandir claims to provide an ‘ideal environment for seekers to immerse themselves in a traditional way of spiritual life, as passed down from the ancient sages’ (Mandir 2016).
Shanti Mandir embeds itself within a narrative built upon an ancient tradition. Presenting itself as a competent alternative to modern secularism, it cultivates desire for a nostalgic return to a pre-modern era, which is an expression of modernity, and not its antithesis. McMahan (2008: 13) explains how this re-enchanting discourse is bound within an ironic self-validating context related to ‘sciences’ or ‘technologies’ of the ‘self’ or ‘spirit’. Shanti Mandir’s yoga organisation, namely Shantarasa Yoga employs this rhetorical technique:
The parameters of that model however are way too narrow to verify the expansive view of the yogic science. Yogic science is hard for the westerner to access unless they have direct contact with authentic adepts and teachings. (Pezet and Pezet 2015)
Shanti Mandir’s approach to legitimating itself rests on providing the aesthetic experience of ‘enjoying quietude and right knowledge’ (śamatha-vipaśyanā-vihārin). This is built around a ‘search for truths about the world that start out from an enchanted, animated, divinized view of nature’, which is considered ‘as legitimately scientific as the search for truths in modern science. This is the edifice on which the defense of Vedic science rests’ (Nanda 2003: 139). Keeping this in mind, the discussion now moves to take a broader look at the concept of ‘modern yoga’.
***
I align my understanding of ‘modern yoga’ with that which pertains to the last 100 years of a global, transcultural, and increasingly commercial exchange of ideas and practices. Alter (2004) and De Michelis (2005) explain their general concept of ‘modern yoga’ as that which refers to, but is not limited by, a physically-oriented, gymnastic-inspired, bodily regime of static or sequenced postures (āsana-s), which likely includes breathing practices (prāṇāyāma) and meditation (dhyāna). What we understand as ‘modern yoga’ is not an exclusively ‘Indian’ phenomenon. Instead, modern yoga contains cultural elements of both Europe and India (Singleton 2010), which have formed through cultural and temporal bricolages (Altglas 2014; Critchley 2001: 8).
Yoga and Hindu religious nationalism are linked through a general idea of a greener, more sustainable and holistic worldview. This is presupposed by a transcendental idealist philosophical position. The metaphysical and epistemological doctrine of non-dualist (advaita) Vedānta asserts that an idea, namely Brahma, is the fundamental component of reality, and that while an objective, external reality does exist, Brahma is the supra-sensible reality beyond these categories. Kitiarsa (2008) and Halter (2000) explain how the commodification and merchandising of Indian cultural practices creates a cultural process that relies upon the marketing of ethnicity. In comparison, Sinha (2011) expands on how this process of Hinduisation effects both the domestic and international images of the Indian state. Whether we consider our understanding of ‘Vedic’ to be a 1:1 representation or not, our consumption of yogic lifestyles impacts on how we perceive India and yoga, and how India perceives and markets itself.
Nanda (2003) explains that the forces of the global market are turning India, or commodifying India, into a Hindu-ised market, which relies heavily on the priority claims of the ‘scientific Vedas’ for legitimacy (Nanda 2015: 43). In a coup for the Indian government, UNESCO announced yoga’s inclusion on its list of intangible cultural heritage (UNESCO 2015). This is partly due to the Government of India introducing the Union Ministry of Ayush and giving it independent status in 2014 (Union Ministry of Ayush 2015). The mandate of this ministry includes rebranding and promoting yoga in what is a battle to reclaim yoga as something distinctively Indian. The aim is to increase India’s cultural pride and its share in a multi-billion dollar spiritual-health tourism market. As Gowen (2014) explains, ‘Indian officials have begun efforts to reclaim yoga for the home team, making plans for a broad expansion of the wellness practice into all facets of civic life’.
The packaging of yoga-related spiritual tourism compounds a romanticisation of India and yoga through the symbols, images and narratives used to create an essentialised, ‘othering’ gaze of the Orient. This process exacerbates the transposability of yoga onto other spaces and into different cultures. This is clear through the possibility of booking a ‘yoga holiday’ in over 120 countries, across five continents, through one website (Book Yoga Retreats 2016).
Vitebsky (1995: 183-184) asserts that the forces of modernisation are responsible for homogenising local cultural practices and knowledge, which are subsumed by global forces. This creates flexible and ambiguous boundaries, particularly between ideas of ‘authenticity’ and what was/is considered ‘traditional’ and ‘new’. Technology allows us to imagine, consume and travel to translocated places to experience ambiguously ‘traditional’ yet syncretic forms of yoga, which are transposed and intermingled with local knowledge traditions.
Nanda (2009) explores issues related to how global processes of trade, marketing and commodification are homogenising ‘Brand India’ into a ‘Hindu India’. Interestingly, in a recent conversation with a yoga teacher in Sydney, Australia, this idea became clearer when they explained the following: ‘I didn’t realise there were Muslims in India. I thought they were all Hindu, and maybe some Buddhists as well’. Below, Remski explains how the Hindu supremacist forces (known as Hindutvavādin-s) seek to homogenise all things yogic into a narrow vision of India’s heritage:
There is rising Hindutva discourse that seeks to reclaim all things yogic into a homogenized vision of Indian heritage. It is motivated by just grievances against colonial humiliation, the white privilege and racism of early Indology, and the postcolonial disempowerment of a global wealth inequality against which asana has emerged as a royalty-free multi-billion-dollar cultural export. But the loudest part of this discourse is twisted by saffronisation, the belief that the terms as polysemic as “yoga” can be defined (let alone owned) by cultures as diverse as global Hinduism, and the false assumption that global academic Indology hasn’t changed in a century. (Remski 2015)
Jain (2014) explains that the multi-directional transplantation of cultural wares intertwines us all in the same cultural processes. This ‘distant-led’ cosmopolitan commodification of knowledge has, at its core, a contest over yoga’s narrative power to link the past, present and future (cf. Vitebsky 1995: 182, 191). Like anything seen from a distance, it is the close-up details that are generally elided. In this case, it is the intertwining of people, spaces, and ideas that creates an obfuscated sense of ‘tradition’ through the banal and naive enculturation into various yoga lifestyles by practitioners across the globe.
An example is the growth in ‘Christian Yoga’, which further nuances our understanding of the globalising processes related to ‘classical’ and ‘modern’ yoga(s) (Green 2016). This example demonstrates how a ‘yoga narrative’ is used in an alternative way to the layer of interpretation I am suggesting, and how it does not have to necessarily draw on the same narratives as Hindu supremacists or the dominant narrative within the yoga industry, which is typically ensconced in a Hindu idiom. However interesting Christian yoga is as a new, alternative expression of the yoga idiom, it is not representative of the Hindu-oriented ontology inherent in ‘modern yoga’, which is the dominant form present within the transglobal yoga industry.
While some yoga studios do not explicitly promote any spirituality or religion for fear of either offending someone, or because they believe yoga is not part of religion, many yoga business owners do install statues of various Hindu deities, have murals painted on studio walls, or include particular Hindu and Buddhist symbols on websites.
Śiva-natarāja in corner of a yoga studio
Source: (Absoluteyoga 2016)
I have taught yoga in various studios across the world for the past twenty years. For more than one year I have been an active participant observer using a cyber-ethnographic methodology in a variety of closed and public forums related to yoga. My use of a cyber-ethnographic method is an evolving process. I have focused my attention on the closed Yoga Teachers’ group on Facebook, which has more than 19,000 global members. I have permission from the moderators to conduct research, and I frequently disclose my position as an academic. I also post relevant information about my personal experience as a yoga teacher and practitioner, and share my ideas and yoga-related news with this community like other members do. There are some very active members who form a core group of regular posters and responders. There is also a wide range of ideas regarding the history, roles, purposes, and legitimacy of various yogic practices and identities. The poll below was created by another member. It demonstrates the level of affiliation with Yoga Alliance, which has over 81,000 registered teachers and schools.
An example of a poll created in the Yoga Teachers’ group
Source: (Yoga Teachers 2017)
I quite often engage in discussions raised by other members of the group. Some examples include discussions around what our favourite music is for playing in classes. This discussion was interesting, as it quickly moved into the ethical issues around licensing, distribution, and playing of copyrighted material for commercial purposes. It sparked a stimulating conversation driven by yoga teachers who are also professional musicians. Other topics include what might be the best type of insurance for a sole trader or business, how to market a new class more effectively, what other yoga teachers do to de-stress, how to deal with our own injuries, or how to deal with problematic students.
A fascinating conversation focused on how to recognise and facilitate safe spaces for people with mental illness and victims of domestic or sexual violence who attend our classes. This is an important issue for yoga teachers as most are not trained counsellors. However, yoga classes are often marketed as a place for the healing of emotional trauma. The argument is that, through movement, a form of somatic therapy allows for the release of emotional baggage, and a postural practice can become a mode of healing (Brahinsky 2007).
A very topical issue is the most appropriate ways to verbally cue postures or make a physical assist. Just like in a BDSM context, consent is important, and it is also important to be mindful of verbal and physical ‘triggers’. However, the most passionate discussions generally focus on the ontological possibility of metaphysical bodies and the ‘history’ of ‘real’, ‘serious’ or ‘traditional’ yoga.
There is also a strong anti-intellectual ethos amongst many yoga teachers. This is countered by an active core of atheists, rationalists and sceptics who provide counter arguments to the logical fallacies that are often proposed by individuals who have a lower level of scientific literacy. Scientific literacy, epistemological relativism, pseudo-science and what constitutes ‘valid knowledge’ are some of the most common topics of discussion.
Based on my own observations in yoga studios and in online forums, the most common deities found in yoga studios are: Śiva-natarāja (the dancer), Kṛṣṇa (the flute player), Hanumāna (the monkey) and Gaṇeśa (the elephant). Interestingly, Buddha is also quite popular. One respondent believes that this is because Buddha statues are easier to get and possibly less confronting than some Hindu statues. Another popular approach includes honouring one’s lineage with life-size photos of gurus, like the ‘pioneers’ of modern yoga, such as T. Krishnamacharya, B.K.S. Iyengar, Pattabhi Jois, and T.K.V. Desikachar (Goldberg 2016). These are hung on the walls in yoga studios (McCartney 2016a).
Pictures of Iyengar performing various yoga postures
Source: (YogaTrail 2016)
***
Phrases like the ‘Vedic Way of Life’ or the ‘Vedic Lifestyle’ seem quite innocuous and appear to have little consequence. Yet, I argue this imagined ‘world’ forms the cornerstone of essentially all variants of a ‘yoga lifestyle’ that manifest globally as representations of a perceived, ‘authentic’ yoga tradition. This is regardless of whether yoga practitioners are cognisant in any way of when the Vedic period is posited to have occurred, or what the normative, idealistic texts from this period prescribe the Vedic lifestyle or identity to be.
I assert that the quotidian, ‘traditional’ practice of (modern) yoga is promoted as a ‘legitimate’ representative of a much older, ‘eternal’ (sanātana) cultural idea, and that the cosmopolitan yoga practitioner has very little appreciation of the historicity of several premodern periods. The fact that a ‘Vedic world’ is located so far back in an ancient past, and does represent what many people consider an ‘eternal’ past, allows mention of it to be transposed in an uncritical way into discussions of yoga in cosmopolitan yoga studios around the world. For example, another yoga teacher from Sydney, Australia explains how:
Yoga teacher-training courses are expensive. They compress so much information into intensives. There is no way that a graduate will know everything at the end of the course. The idea of the Vedas is just too abstract for people that it doesn’t seem to mean anything. Yet, it is splashed across marketing stuff all the time. But people talk about the Vedas as if they just bumped into them down the street. So, it’s interesting how it is at the same time everywhere, but at the same time nowhere. I would like to know more about Vedic stuff, but where do I begin. It seems like such a huge topic, and if I wanted to do it properly I think I’d have to go to India. But I’m not interested in that.
Another set of examples comes from asking questions on the Yoga Teachers’ Facebook page. The following replies to my questions regarding people’s attitudes towards a ‘Vedic lifestyle’ demonstrate a variety of syncretic and ambivalent positions: ‘Vedic would mean following the Vedas, i.e. [b]eing Hindu’; ‘It’s 2016. Why does anyone want to follow something thousands of years old? Shits [sic] whack’ (McCartney 2016c). What we know of the Vedic past from archaeological and linguistic records demonstrates, quite convincingly, that this culture was not vegetarian (Rosen 2011). However, a third example demonstrates that one teacher’s understanding of ‘Veda’ apparently comes from attending Grateful Dead concerts:
I’d say a majority of the Grateful Dead subculture is all about Veda. […] It made me think of my days touring with the Grateful Dead and how that hippie like subculture shaped my farm girl thinking…I don’t think I’d ever met a vegetarian or even heard of yoga until I broadened my experiences in that Deadhead lifestyle – that’s what I meant by the majority of the Grateful Dead subculture is probably living this Veda ideal. (McCartney 2016c)
Critiques of globalisation are necessary, as it privileges Eurocentric perspectives and cultural practices while undermining local and ethnic thought-worlds. However, globalisation also makes possible greater trans-cultural exchanges and understanding. This is what we see happening with the continued rise in the popularity of yoga. What separates the Western yoga practitioner or yoga teacher/trainee from the Hindu supremacist? If the same episteme and texts, language, and cultural practices are invoked and glorified by both groups, how do their imagined communities, future worlds, and ontologies differ?
***
Yoga is political. Whenever we consume either tangible or intangible things like buying clothes or have (spiritual) travel experiences, we are involved in political acts of consumption. Any assertions otherwise demonstrate a lack of understanding of how our desires affect the social domain. A lot of people consider themselves and yoga to be thoroughly apolitical. Just about every yoga teacher-training course outline explains the centrality of the Bhagavadgītā to the yogic thought-world. The following explanation comes from the Sivananda Yoga teacher-training curriculum. It explains how the Bhagavadgītā is:
Considered one of the greatest spiritual texts of the world, the Bhagavad Gita contains subtle and profound teachings and has a universality which embraces every aspect of human actions. It symbolises the solution of the eternal struggle between the spiritual and the material in every human being’. (Sivananda Yoga 2016)
This text is also central to the Vishva Hindu Parishad’s (VHP; World Hindu Council) politico-religious identity (VHP 2016). Both the VHP’s patriarch, Ashok Singhal, and India’s Foreign Minister, Sushma Swaraj have made repeated calls for the Bhagavadgītā to be enshrined as the nation’s ‘holy book’; however, in counterpoint, it is argued that India’s Constitution is already the nation’s holy book (Roy 2014). Sushma Swaraj believes that the Bhagavadgītā should be made mandatory reading in all government schools because it will help ‘purify minds’ (Press Trust of India 2015). This is regardless of the fact that the Union Territories of India, as per the 42nd Amendment, comprise a constitutionally socialist and secular nation that does not have an official state religion (Government of India 2007).
Central to the Hindutva concept of ethno-nationalism is a Hindu majoritarian identity, a Hindu nation, and the concept of sanātana dharma (‘eternal moral principles’) (Hindu Janajagruti Samiti (HJS; Hindu Awakening Society) 2016d). An example of how this manifests in discourse is in the rhetoric of the HJS, which asserts that ‘the strength of the unrighteous and traitors to Dharma is on the rise’ and that the Hindu nation should be established on the ‘guru principle’ (HJS 2016c).
The principle of Hindu dharma is used as a counterpoint to secularism. It is the core of the Hindu nationalist identity and the globalist agenda. Dharma is also central to many yogic concepts and dialectic discourses. This is regardless of whether one considers themselves a ‘modern’ or ‘traditional’ yoga practitioner. Power Living Australia is arguably the most successful yoga business in Australia. The ways it evokes nostalgic ideas like dharma are witnessed in the following two examples:
500HR TEACHER TRAINING PATHWAY | BYRON BAY | MARCH 2016
Join Master Facilitator Keenan Crisp and his guest, Duncan Peak on a transformational, week-long journey. We will be studying the Ramayana, a book which is steeped in traditional yogic philosophy and the virtues of devotion, duty, dharma and karma. (Power Living Australia 2015)
In a response to a question about dharma that I posed to the founder of Power Living Australia, Duncan Peak wrote that:
Our understanding of Dharma is one of moral duty or the nature/essence of a thing, pending on how it is used? We relate it to the Purusha Artha’s that are the four aims of a human life. We believe from these teachings we should try to understand and live our dharma. Better to live our own dharma then try to succeed in someone elses [sic], as the Gita teaches. We try to encourage people to discover their dharma and feel comfortable with prosperity as long as it is through the eyes of dharma. We hold a retreat ‘Being of Purpose’ where we take student [sic] through a week of understanding their signature strength and how they can serve the greater good in an attempt to get them clear on their own dharma. It definitely blends modern teachings but is inspired by vedic [sic] wisdom. (Power Living Australia 2016)
The following excerpts show how HJS invokes this term, and what its thoughts are on ‘modern’ yoga:
Are those, who remove ‘Om’ and ‘Surya-namaskar’ from ‘Yoga’, thinking that they have more knowledge than our Sages and Seers? ‘Yogasana’ is not just physical exercise but it is also spiritual exercise. ‘Dharma-drohis’ working at psychological level are not remembered either for their work or even by their names; whereas what is advised by Sages remains eternal as there is un-manifest power of ‘Om’ in them. (HJS 2016b)
HJS wishes all Hindu Dharmabhimanis a Blissful New Year! Let us resolve to Strive with all our Strength for Re-establishing Ramrajya again. (HJS 2016a)
These statements are qualified by the following excerpts from responses to a question I posed on the Yoga Teachers’ Facebook page. Note how I have included the number of ‘likes’ these comments received. This is an attempt to show how the community responded and identifies with the comments of others:
What you said about Dharma resonates truthfully. It is an important part of teaching yoga to bring the world into balance as this effects our Karma. When it comes to world peace, disasters in the world [sic] to ignore these things for me is ignoring some of the deeper things of yoga. (McCartney 2016b) [Number of ‘likes’ = 18]
Most of the comments on the thread have redeemed my faith in the yoga community. Those of you who use the word “politics” so frivolously, consider that word as a place holder for “human rights”, “student safety and well-being”, “freedom” etc etc. if [sic] you are ***privileged*** enough to consider those ideas, and what is happening right now as mere politics, perhaps you should check yourself and read up on allyship, and take a good long meditation to think about the things you are able to disregard, ignore, or forget because of that privilege. (McCartney 2016b) [Number of ‘likes’ = 21]
Regardless of such pro-social, activist attitudes like the representative samples above, the overwhelmingly ‘liked’ comment shows that many yoga practitioners are deeply ambivalent (and ignorant) of yoga-related politics, and how it is involved in glocal processes of exploitation and consumption.
Yoga and politics DON’T mix!! Like at all!! Stop trying to impose your feelings onto others! We aren’t all upset about it like you may be! (McCartney 2016b) [Number of ‘likes’ = 124]
The support for this type of response demonstrates a central point related to my overall assertion that the general ambivalence many western yoga practitioners have toward glocal politics helps facilitate the assimilationist processes of an expansionist, Hindu agenda, which directly incorporates the soft power of yoga into broadening the sphere of cultural, political and economic influence of the Indian state. This occurs through the yoga practitioners’ uncritical consumption of a homogenised cultural practice like yoga, which is central to both the emic and etic perceptions of Hindu supremacist legitimacy. If the cosmopolitan yoga practitioner does not value cultivating a more expansive view beyond the edge of their yoga mat, then there is little reason to assume that a critical perspective will result. Yoga plays an important part in the soft power initiatives of the Indian state. However, ‘modern yoga’ also relies on the same textual corpus for inspiration, identity, answers, guidance, and moral certitude that Hindu supremacists do. Therefore, we must seek clarity through an ethnographic and historical sociological comparison of the ontological nature of these proposed metaphysical bodies, so that we can determine the commensurability between the utopian future of global yoga and nation-state of Hindu supremacism (cf. van der Veer 2016: 54).
Within Shanti Mandir’s ashram my transgressive discussions with residents and visitors alike regarding politics and yoga were often met with derision. An example of a typical response makes it clear: ‘I haven’t come here [to the ashram] to discuss politics with you. I am here to deepen my [yoga] practice and my relationship with my guru’. It is interesting, however, that this was the typical response of most western devotees. In contrast, several of the Indian devotees were generally quite happy to talk about politics. This shows a gap in how politics is valued within different global yoga cultures, and more importantly within discrete yoga communities.
***
While some Western yoga practitioners understand the political currents that yoga is involved in, or at least appreciate that a yoga practice does not necessarily preclude social activism, many Western yoga practitioners have very little desire to know about the domestic politics of India, yoga’s historicity as opposed to its ‘history’, the political history of yoga as a cultural reformation against Brahminical hegemony, its role in the Hindu expansionist agenda, or the semantic power of overlapping worlds and memes in which they stretch, breathe, meditate, consume, and imagine. I argue that our unwitting involvement with overlapping ideas does not preclude participation in or support for worlds we might not be aware of or feel comfortable being associated with. Yoga has a lot to offer humanity. Just how authentically ‘Vedic’ we imagine ourselves, our communities, and nations to be is something we must explore more.
Acknowledgements
I am indebted to Karl-Stéphan Bouthillette and all the members of the Yoga Teachers’ group for their insightful comments and invigorating discussions.
References
Absoluteyoga (2016). “Studio.” Absolute Yoga, available at http://absoluteyogastudio.com/. Accessed on 18 December 2016.
Alter, J. S. (2004). Yoga in Modern India: The Body Between Science and Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Altglas, V. (2014). From Yoga to Kabbalah: Religious Exoticism and the Logics of Bricolage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Book Yoga Retreats (2016). “Book a Yoga Retreat or Yoga Holiday.” Book Yoga Retreats, available at http://www.bookyogaretreats.com/. Accessed on 22 November 2016.
Bowman, J. (2015). Cosmopolitan Justice: The Axial Age, Multiple Modernities, and the Post Secular Turn. New York: Springer
Brahinsky, R. (2007). “Yoga for Emotional Trauma.” Yoga Journal, available at http://www.yogajournal.com/teach/yoga-for-emotional-trauma. Accessed on 2 May 2016.
Chatterjee, T. (2003). Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy. Oxford: Lexington Books.
Darling, J. (2014). “Going Home: National Imaginaries and Political Possibilities.” In The Persistence of Nationalism: From Imagined Communities to Urban Encounters, edited by M. Antonsich. New York & London: Routledge, pp. 11-18.
De Michelis, E. (2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. London: Bloomsbury.
Goldberg, E. (2016). The Path of Modern Yoga: The History of an Embodied Spiritual Practice. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions.
Government of India (2007). The Constitution of India. New Delhi: Ministry of Law and Justice.
Gowen, A. (2014). “India’s New Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, Aims to Rebrand and Promote Yoga in India.” The Washington Post, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-new-prime-minister-narendra-modi-wants-to-rebrand-and-promote-yoga-in-india/2014/12/02/7c5291de-7006-11e4-a2c2-478179fd0489_story.html. Accessed on 21 December 2014.
Green, J. (2016). “How Problematic is Christian Yoga?” ABC: Radio National, available at http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sundayextra/how-problematic-is-christian-yoga/7365836. Accessed on 6 September 2016.
Halter, M. (2000). Shopping for Identity: The Marketing of Ethnicity. New York: Schocken.
Hatcher, B. A. (2007). “Bourgeois Vedānta: The Colonial Roots of Middle-Class Hindusim.” American Academy of Religion, 75(2), pp. 298-323.
Hindu Janajagruti Samiti (2016a). “Dharmābhimanas.” HJS, available at https://www.hindujagruti.org/quotes/21829.html. Accessed on 6 September 2016.
——— (2016b). “Dharmadrohis.” HJS, available at
https://www.hindujagruti.org/quotes/51871.html. Accessed on 6 September 2016.
——— (2016c). “Establish the Hindu Nation as Expected by the Guru Principle.” HJS, available at https://hinduexistence.org/2015/08/01/establish-the-hindu-nation-as-expected-by-the-guru-principle/. Accessed on 6 September 2016.
——— (2016d). “How to establish the Hindu Nation that has Dharma as its foundation?” HJS, available at https://www.hindujagruti.org/hindu-rashtra/concept. Accessed on 06 September 2016.
Jain, A. R. (2013). “Muktananda: Entrepreneurial Godman, Tantric Hero.” In Gurus of Modern Yoga. Edited by E. Goldberg & M. Singleton. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 264-89.
——— (2014). Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kitiarsa, P. (2008). Religious Commodifications in Asia: Marketing Gods. New York: Routledge.
Malinar, A. (2009). Hinduismus: Studium Religionen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Mandir, S. (2014). Baba Muktananda’s Birthday Celebration. Magod, India: Shanti Mandir.
——— 2015. “Charitable Works.” Shanti Mandir, available at http://www.shantimandir.com/charitable-works/. Accessed on 14 April 2015.
——— (2016). “About.” Shanti Mandir, available at http://www.shantimandir.com/about/. Accessed on 3 August 2014.
McCartney, P. (2016a). “Deities in Yoga Studios”. Facebook, available at https://www.facebook.com/groups/YogaTeachers/search/?query=deities. Accessed on 23 November 2016.
——— (2016b). “Politics in Yoga.” Facebook, available at. https://www.facebook.com/groups/YogaTeachers/1334312943269493/?comment_id=1335690936465027¬if_t=like¬if_id=1479950794316716. Accessed on 23 November 2016.
——— (2016c). “Yoga Teacher Thread.” Facebook, available at https://www.facebook.com/groups/YogaTeachers/permalink/1333674676666653/?comment_id=1333713833329404¬if_t=group_comment¬if_id=1479776488701383. Accessed on 22 November 2016.
McMahan, D. L. (2008). The Making of Buddhist Modernism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mead, W. R. (1995). “Trains, Planes, and Automobiles: The End of the Postmodern.” World Policy Journal, 12(4), pp. 13-31.
Morales, F. (2016). “The Death of Traditional Hinduism.” About Religion, available at http://hinduism.about.com/od/history/a/neohinduism.htm. Accessed on 6 September 2016.
Nanda, M. (2003). Prophets Facing Backwards: Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
——— (2009). The God Market: How Globalisation is Making India more Hindu. Delhi: Random House.
——— (2015). “Saffronized Science: Rampant Pseudoscience in “Vedic Garb” in the Indian Subcontinent.” Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 5(1), pp. 39-47.
Pezet, K. & Pezet, S. (2015). “Shantarasa Traditional Yoga Teacher Training.” Shantarasa, available at http://www.shantarasa.com/. Accessed on 15 July 2015.
Power Living Australia (2015). “500 Hr Teacher Training Pathway.” Power Living Australia, available at https://www.facebook.com/pg/PowerLivingAustralia/posts/?ref=page_internal. Accessed on 18 February 2017.
——— (2016). “Dharma.” Power living Australia, available at https://www.facebook.com/pg/PowerLivingAustralia/posts/?ref=page_internal. Accessed on 18 December 2016.
Press Trust of India (2015). “Sanskrit should be propagated to purify minds of people: Sushma Swaraj.” The Indian Express, available at http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sanskrit-should-be-propagated-to-purify-minds-of-people-sushma-swaraj/. Accessed on 17 February 2016.
Reddy, K. (2008). Indian History. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
Remski, M. (2015). “Yoga Body Author Mark Singleton Responds to Critics Who Didn’t Want to Understand His Book.” Yoga International, available at https://yogainternational.com/article/view/yoga-body-author-mark-singleton-responds-to-critics-who-didnt-want-to-under. Accessed on 23 November 2016.
Rosen, S. J. (2011). Food for the Soul: Vegetarianism and Yoga Traditions. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
Roy, S. (2014). “No offence to Bhagavad Gita, but we already have a National Testament.” First Post, available at http://www.firstpost.com/india/no-offence-to-bhagvad-gita-but-we-already-have-a-national-testament-1839181.html. Accessed on 7 December 2016.
Sabharathnam, S. P., Brooks, D., Rhodes Baily, C., Mahony, W.K., Muller-Ortega, P.E., Durgananda, S., & Bendet, P. (1997). Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage. New York: Agama Press.
Saraswati, D. (2010). Sri Rudram. Chennai: Arsha Vidya Research and Publication Trust.
Sharma, A. (1999). “Jīvanmukti in Neo-Hinduism: The Case of Ramaṇa Maharṣi.” Asian Philosophy, 9(2), pp. 93-105.
Singh, R. K. (2014). “India can be a Vishwa Guru”. The Pioneer, available at http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/india-can-be-vishwa-guru.html. Accessed on 20 November 2015.
Singleton, M. (2010). Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sinha, V. (2011). Religion and Commodification: ‘Merchandizing’ Diasporic Hinduism. New York: Routledge.
Sivananda Yoga (2016). “Curriculum of Teachers’ Training Course.” International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres, available at http://www.sivananda.org/yoga-teacher-training/ttc-curriculum.html. Accessed on 06 September 2016.
Srivastava, L. K. L. (1990). Advaitic Concept of Jivanmukti. Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan.
Thursby, G. R. (1991). “Siddha Yoga: Swami Muktananda and the Seat of Power.” In When Prophets Die: The Postcharismatic Fate of New Religious Movements. Edited by T. Miller. Albany: SUNY, pp. 165-82.
Times of India (2014). “Sanskrit Text Regarded as Latin of South Asia, says Dutch Scholar.” The Times of India, available at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/Sanskrit-text-regarded-as-Latin-of-South-Asia-says-Dutch-scholar/articleshow/44821791.cms. Accessed on 14 November 2016.
UNESCO (2015). “Tradition of Vedic chanting.” UNESCO, available at http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00062. Accessed 23 March 2015.
Union Ministry of Ayush (2015). “Welcome to AYUSH.” Ministry of Ayush, available at http://indianmedicine.nic.in/. Accessed on 18 March 2015.
——— (2016). “Yoga.” Ministry of Ayush, available at http://www.yoga.ayush.gov.au/. Accessed on 24 October 2016.
Union Ministry of Tourism (2015). “Incredible!ndia.” Union Ministry of Tourism, available at http://incredibleindia.org/. Accessed on 23 November, 2015.
Van der Veer, P. (2016). The Value of Comparison. Durham: Duke University Press.
Vedaspas. (2016). “Spa”. Veda Spas, available at http://vedaspas.com/spa/. Accessed 24 November, 2016.
VHP. (2016). “Home.” VHP, available at http://vhp.org/. Accessed on 6 September 2016.
Vitebsky, P. (1995). “From Cosmology to Environmentalism: Shamanism as Local Knowledge in a Global Setting.” In Counterworks: Managing the Diversity of Knowledge. Edited by R. Fardon. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 182-203.
Vivekananda, S. (2006). The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. Almora: Advaita Ashram.
Weiss, M. (2011). Techniques of Pleasure: BDSM and the Circuits of Sexuality. Durham: Duke University Press.
——— (2016). “Always After: Desiring Queernes, Desiring Anthropology.” Cultural Anthropology, 31(4), pp. 627-38.
Williamson, L. (2005). “The Perfectability of Perfection: Siddha Yoga as a Global Movement.” In Gurus in America. Edited by T. Forsthoefel & C. Humes. New York: SUNY Press, pp. 147-67.
Yoga Teachers (2017). “Yoga Alliance Registrations.” Facebook, available at https://www.facebook.com/groups/YogaTeachers/permalink/1333674676666653/?comment_id=1333713833329404¬if_t=group_comment¬if_id=1479776488701383. Accessed on 2 May 2017.
YogaTrail (2016). “Classroom.” YogaTrail, available at https://www.yogatrail.com/studio/iyengar-yoga-institute-of-los-angeles-138456. Accessed on 18 December 2016.
Note:
[i] Malinar (2009) describes the concept of inclusivism, which refers to the inclusion of other religious systems within the hierarchy of one’s own theological perspective. The neo-Hindu proselyte Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) suggests in an inclusivistic manner that while all religions are equal, Hinduism, and in particular, Advaita Vedānta, just happens to be a better alternative (Vivekananda 2006). The term ‘neo-Hindu’ reveals quite tender spots in the collective Hindu-Yoga imagination. It is considered by some to be a colonial construction that has a pejorative application that is used to undermine the credibility and temporal longevity of Hinduism (Morales 2016). However, the term specifically refers to the reformation of particular Hindu philosophies and subsequent identities, which occurred at the colonial intersection with Christianity, and was an attempt to create national, cultural and political unity in defense of a burgeoning national identity (Sharma 1999). The promotion of the concept of jīvanmukta is one reason for Advaita Vedānta’s philosophical prestige, as it promotes the possibility of attaining liberation in this very life. However, there are very few people that have apparently achieved this state (Sharma, 1999). The neo-Hindu concept of jīvanmukta differs from Śaṅkara’s ninth-century interpretation due to the emphasis of an ‘ideal’ identity that includes visible elements of social activism (Srivastava 1990). The emphasis on charitable works is one reason why organisations like Shanti Mandir can be considered a neo-Hindu organisation (Mandir 2015). This focus on a broader concept of charity is also part of a cultural bricolage that formed during the colonial period (Hatcher 2007).
Wow! Finally I got a weblog from where I can really get helpful information concerning my study and knowledge.
I appreciate, lead to I found just what I was taking a look for. You have ended my four day long hunt! God Bless you man. Have a nice day. Bye
Great write-up, I¦m normal visitor of one¦s website, maintain up the excellent operate, and It’s going to be a regular visitor for a lengthy time.
I like this website very much so much fantastic information.
Erkeğine daha sıkı sarılarak beni daha sert sik deyip, sert
porno ve hard porno için bir zemin hazırlamış oldu. öğrenci pornosu,
türk liseli porno.
Yeterlilik Kodu. TR. Yeterlilik Adı. Eczacılık Lisans Diploması.
Öncelikli Olmayan Adlar Öğrenme Kazanımları (Tanım) İlaçta ruhsatlandırma koşulları, veri
koruma, patent konuları arasındaki ilişkileri kavrar.
Analitik/biyoanalitik validasyon ve uluslararası standartları tanımlar.
Thanks so much for giving everyone such a remarkable chance to discover important secrets from this blog. It is usually so cool and also full of amusement for me personally and my office peers to search your web site really 3 times in one week to see the new stuff you have. And of course, I am just always satisfied with your impressive opinions served by you. Certain 2 points in this posting are basically the most impressive I’ve had.
Keep working ,great job!
I¦ve read a few just right stuff here. Definitely value bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how a lot effort you set to create any such wonderful informative site.
Woah! I’m really loving the template/theme of this blog. It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s hard to get that “perfect balance” between user friendliness and visual appearance. I must say you have done a awesome job with this. Additionally, the blog loads very fast for me on Internet explorer. Exceptional Blog!
%%
my web blog; seo services london, donnaomamma.It,
I really like your writing style, fantastic info, regards for putting up :D. “Nothing sets a person so much out of the devil’s reach as humility.” by Johathan Edwards.
Very interesting info!Perfect just what I was searching for!
Thanks to my father who shared with me about this website,
this web site is truly remarkable.
Also visit my website tracfone special coupon 2022
I am sure this article has touched all the internet people, its really really pleasant article on building up new website.
Hello globalethnographic.com webmaster, Thanks for the well-organized and comprehensive post!
Dear globalethnographic.com owner, Your posts are always well-delivered and engaging.
Hello globalethnographic.com admin, Thanks for the well written post!
Hi globalethnographic.com owner, You always provide great examples and real-world applications.
To the globalethnographic.com webmaster, Your posts are always well researched and well written.
Hello globalethnographic.com webmaster, You always provide useful information.
Dear globalethnographic.com webmaster, Your posts are always a great source of information.
Hello globalethnographic.com admin, Your posts are always informative and well-explained.
Hi globalethnographic.com administrator, Your posts are always well written and informative.
Dear globalethnographic.com owner, Thanks for the well-presented post!
Hi globalethnographic.com owner, Your posts are always a great source of knowledge.
Hi globalethnographic.com webmaster, Thanks for the valuable information!
To the globalethnographic.com administrator, Your posts are always well-referenced and credible.
Hi globalethnographic.com owner, Thanks for the educational content!
Hello globalethnographic.com administrator, Keep up the great work!
Hi globalethnographic.com admin, Your posts are always well structured and easy to follow.
Dear globalethnographic.com webmaster, Well done!
I do accept as true with all the ideas you’ve introduced on your
post. They are really convincing and can definitely work.
Nonetheless, the posts are very brief for newbies. May just you please prolong them a
bit from subsequent time? Thank you for the post.
%%
Here is my page businesses
Hello globalethnographic.com webmaster, Good to see your posts!
Hi globalethnographic.com owner, You always provide helpful information.
Hi globalethnographic.com webmaster, Your posts are always informative and up-to-date.
Hi globalethnographic.com webmaster, Your posts are always interesting.
healthcare data entry jobs from home
best herbal supplements for affiliate marketing
high paying affiliate programs for supplements
best work from home jobs for moms
Hello globalethnographic.com webmaster, Your posts are always on topic and relevant.
Dear globalethnographic.com administrator, Keep it up!
Dear globalethnographic.com webmaster, Thanks for the in-depth post!
Dear globalethnographic.com owner, Your posts are always informative and well-explained.
To the globalethnographic.com webmaster, You always provide great examples and real-world applications.
To the globalethnographic.com webmaster, Excellent work!
To the globalethnographic.com owner, Your posts are always a great source of knowledge.
Dear globalethnographic.com administrator, Thanks for the informative and well-written post!
To the globalethnographic.com admin, Thanks for the well-presented post!
Hi globalethnographic.com administrator, Your posts are always well presented.
Hi globalethnographic.com administrator, Your posts are always well-formatted and easy to read.
Hello globalethnographic.com owner, Your posts are always well-referenced and credible.
To the globalethnographic.com owner, Your posts are always informative and well-explained.
Hello, I log on to your blog daily. Your story-telling style is
witty, keep it up!
Hi globalethnographic.com webmaster, You always provide valuable feedback and suggestions.
Hi globalethnographic.com webmaster, Well done!
Dear globalethnographic.com admin, Your posts are always well-referenced and credible.
Howdy! Would you mind if I share your blog with my facebook group?
There’s a lot of folks that I think would really enjoy
your content. Please let me know. Many thanks
Thanks for any other informative web site. Where else may just I
get that type of information written in such an ideal manner?
I have a challenge that I’m simply now working on, and I have been at the look out for such information.
Hello There. I discovered your blog the usage of msn. That is
an extremely smartly written article. I will make
sure to bookmark it and return to read more of your helpful information. Thanks
for the post. I will certainly return.
It’s appropriate time to make some plans for the future and it’s time to
be happy. I have read this post and if I could I want
to suggest you few interesting things or advice. Perhaps you could write next articles referring to this article.
I want to read even more things about it!
Very good article. I am experiencing some of these issues as well..
This article presents clear idea in support of
the new users of blogging, that truly how to do running
a blog.
Hi there very nice site!! Guy .. Beautiful .. Wonderful ..
I will bookmark your site and take the feeds also? I’m happy to find so many useful information right here
within the publish, we need work out extra
techniques in this regard, thanks for sharing. . . . . .
Hello globalethnographic.com admin, Thanks for the well-presented post!
Hey there! I’m at work browsing your blog from my
new apple iphone! Just wanted to say I love reading your blog and look forward
to all your posts! Carry on the fantastic work!
whoah this weblog is magnificent i like studying your posts.
Stay up the great work! You know, a lot of people are searching round for this information,
you could aid them greatly.
fun88 ทางเข าเด ทท อป นับว่าเป็นสถานที่ที่เหมาะสำหรับผู้ที่หลงใหลในการเดิมพันกีฬา คุณสามารถเลือกแทงบอลหรือกีฬาอื่นๆ ได้ตามความชื่นชอบ นอกจากนี้ ยังมีเกมคาสิโนสดที่น่าตื่นเต้นรอคุณอยู่ เช่น บาคาร่า รูเล็ต และเกมสล็อตที่น่าตื่นเต้.นมากมาย
I am sure this paragraph has touched all the internet viewers,
its really really good piece of writing on building up new weblog.
First off I want to say wonderful blog! I had a quick question in which I’d like to ask if you do not mind.
I was interested to find out how you center yourself and clear your thoughts prior to writing.
I have had difficulty clearing my thoughts in getting my ideas out.
I do enjoy writing however it just seems like the first 10 to 15 minutes are
generally lost just trying to figure out how to begin. Any
recommendations or hints? Thanks!
I’m really impressed with your writing skills as well as with the layout on your
weblog. Is this a paid theme or did you modify it yourself?
Either way keep up the nice quality writing, it’s rare to see a nice
blog like this one nowadays.
Hello globalethnographic.com administrator, Thanks for the well-presented post!
To the globalethnographic.com admin, Your posts are always well thought out.
I really like this article, if you want to find similar websites visit at Tel U
Dear globalethnographic.com webmaster, Your posts are always well-supported by research and data.
http://www.walf-groupe.com/pour-faire-plaisir-a-sa-femme-mamadou-dieye-roue-son-frere-handicape-de-coups-de-pelle
Attractive element of content. I just stumbled upon your website and in accession capital to claim that I acquire actually loved account your weblog posts. Any way I’ll be subscribing on your feeds and even I achievement you get admission to constantly rapidly.
Ternyata selama ini kamu bisa jadi kaya raya kalau bermain di tempat judi slot terbaik.
Link alternatif sukabet slot : https://heylink.me/alternatifcamtoto
Tunggu apalagi buruan gabung sekarang, banyak hadiah bonus 3jt rupiah.
pragmatic slot
pragmatic play
pragmaticplay
situs slot pragmatic
daftar slot pragmatic
download aplikasi pragmatic play
situs slot pragmatic
habanero slot
judi slot habanero
agen judi online
agen slot
agen slot online
bandar judi online
bandar slot
daftar judi slot
daftar situs judi slot online terpercaya
daftar slot
daftar slot online
game judi online
game judi slot online
game online terbaik
game slot online
game slot online terpercaya
game slot online uang asli
game slot terpercaya
game yang menghasilkan uang tanpa modal
idn slot
judi slot
judi slot deposit pulsa
judi slot online
judi slot online terbaru
judi slot online terpercaya
judi slot terbaik
judi slot terbaru
judi slot terpercaya
main game dapat uang
mesin slot
mpo 777 slot
mpo deposit pulsa
mpo jackpot
mpo online slot
mpo slot
mpo slot 777
mpo slot baru
mpo slot freebet
mpo slot online
mpo slot online terbaru
mpo slot pulsa
mpo slot terbaik
mpo slot terbaru
mpo slot terpercaya
mpo terbaru slot
pragmatic slot
semua situs slot mpo
situs judi online slot
situs judi online terpercaya
situs judi slot
situs judi slot online
situs judi slot online terpercaya
situs judi slot promo terbaru
situs judi slot terbaik dan terpercaya no 1
situs judi slot terbaru
situs judi slot terpercaya
situs judi terpercaya
situs mpo slot
situs mpo slot terbaru
situs slot
situs slot deposit pulsa
situs slot mpo
situs slot mpo terbaru
situs slot online
situs slot online terbaik
situs slot pragmatic
situs slot terbaru
situs slot terpercaya
slot deposit pulsa
slot deposit pulsa tanpa potongan
slot indonesia
slot judi online
slot mpo
slot mpo online
slot mpo terbaru
slot online
slot online deposit pulsa
slot online indonesia
slot online mpo
slot online terbaik
slot online terpercaya
slot pulsa
slot terbaru
slot terpercaya
Hello globalethnographic.com webmaster, Your posts are always well-delivered and engaging.
Hi globalethnographic.com webmaster, Your posts are always well organized and easy to understand.
mexico pharmacy: mexico drug stores pharmacies – buying prescription drugs in mexico
canadian pharmacy antibiotics: canadian pharmacy meds review – canadian 24 hour pharmacy
canadian pharmacy review: legitimate canadian pharmacy – online canadian pharmacy
buy medicines online in india pharmacy website india online shopping pharmacy india
buy prescription drugs from india: indian pharmacy – buy prescription drugs from india
https://canadapharmast.online/# recommended canadian pharmacies
mail order pharmacy india: world pharmacy india – indian pharmacies safe
indian pharmacies safe mail order pharmacy india buy prescription drugs from india
online shopping pharmacy india: п»їlegitimate online pharmacies india – top online pharmacy india
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: best online pharmacies in mexico – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
legit canadian pharmacy online: canadian pharmacy 1 internet online drugstore – canadian pharmacy 24 com
Its like you read my thoughts! You appear to grasp a lot about this, like you wrote the guide in it or something. I feel that you can do with a few percent to pressure the message house a bit, however instead of that, this is magnificent blog. A great read. I will certainly be back.
Online medicine order Online medicine order п»їlegitimate online pharmacies india
https://canadapharmast.online/# the canadian drugstore
canadian drugs: canadian pharmacy prices – safe online pharmacies in canada
mexican mail order pharmacies: mexican pharmacy – purple pharmacy mexico price list
pet meds without vet prescription canada: canadianpharmacyworld com – canadian pharmacy world
mexican drugstore online buying prescription drugs in mexico mexican mail order pharmacies
indian pharmacy online: online pharmacy india – Online medicine order
http://indiapharmast.com/# indian pharmacy online
buying from online mexican pharmacy: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – mexican pharmacy
https://amoxildelivery.pro/# how much is amoxicillin
cipro: buy cipro – ciprofloxacin 500 mg tablet price
http://doxycyclinedelivery.pro/# doxycycline 150 mg tablets
http://ciprodelivery.pro/# buy cipro online
http://amoxildelivery.pro/# amoxicillin 500mg pill
http://doxycyclinedelivery.pro/# doxycycline 500mg capsules
http://doxycyclinedelivery.pro/# doxycycline online canada
doxycycline cheap: doxycycline online no prescription – doxycycline hyclate capsules
http://ciprodelivery.pro/# buy cipro online
I have noticed that online degree is getting preferred because attaining your college degree online has developed into a popular option for many people. Many people have not really had a possibility to attend a conventional college or university yet seek the elevated earning potential and career advancement that a Bachelor Degree provides. Still other people might have a diploma in one discipline but would wish to pursue something they now have an interest in.
http://ciprodelivery.pro/# buy cipro cheap
http://ciprodelivery.pro/# buy cipro online canada
buying prescription drugs in mexico online mexican rx online best online pharmacies in mexico
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican mail order pharmacies – mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
http://mexicandeliverypharma.com/# buying prescription drugs in mexico
mexican pharmacy mexican pharmaceuticals online medication from mexico pharmacy
buying from online mexican pharmacy: mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa – mexican pharmaceuticals online
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican mail order pharmacies – mexico drug stores pharmacies
http://mexicandeliverypharma.com/# mexican pharmaceuticals online
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa buying prescription drugs in mexico mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
purple pharmacy mexico price list: mexico drug stores pharmacies – medication from mexico pharmacy
mexico drug stores pharmacies: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – mexico drug stores pharmacies
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs purple pharmacy mexico price list mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: buying prescription drugs in mexico online – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
https://mexicandeliverypharma.com/# mexican mail order pharmacies
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: buying prescription drugs in mexico – best online pharmacies in mexico
mexico drug stores pharmacies: best online pharmacies in mexico – mexico drug stores pharmacies
mexican mail order pharmacies mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs reputable mexican pharmacies online
medicine in mexico pharmacies: mexico drug stores pharmacies – reputable mexican pharmacies online
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies: buying prescription drugs in mexico online – buying prescription drugs in mexico online
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – medicine in mexico pharmacies
mexican pharmacy mexican drugstore online mexican pharmaceuticals online
reputable mexican pharmacies online: mexican pharmaceuticals online – pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies: buying prescription drugs in mexico online – medicine in mexico pharmacies
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies: mexico drug stores pharmacies – pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
medication from mexico pharmacy mexican pharmacy buying from online mexican pharmacy
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies: mexican rx online – mexican pharmaceuticals online
mexican drugstore online: reputable mexican pharmacies online – medication from mexico pharmacy
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: mexico drug stores pharmacies – mexico drug stores pharmacies
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs buying prescription drugs in mexico online mexican mail order pharmacies
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican rx online – purple pharmacy mexico price list
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: п»їbest mexican online pharmacies – purple pharmacy mexico price list
purple pharmacy mexico price list: reputable mexican pharmacies online – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
buying prescription drugs in mexico mexico drug stores pharmacies mexican pharmacy
best online pharmacies in mexico: п»їbest mexican online pharmacies – best online pharmacies in mexico
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: mexico drug stores pharmacies – best online pharmacies in mexico
mexico drug stores pharmacies: purple pharmacy mexico price list – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
mexican rx online mexican pharmaceuticals online reputable mexican pharmacies online
best online pharmacies in mexico: mexico drug stores pharmacies – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: reputable mexican pharmacies online – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
buying from online mexican pharmacy: purple pharmacy mexico price list – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
mexican drugstore online mexico drug stores pharmacies reputable mexican pharmacies online
best online pharmacies in mexico: reputable mexican pharmacies online – medication from mexico pharmacy
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: п»їbest mexican online pharmacies – best online pharmacies in mexico
mexican pharmaceuticals online: п»їbest mexican online pharmacies – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexico drug stores pharmacies mexican pharmaceuticals online buying from online mexican pharmacy
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies: mexican drugstore online – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
medicine in mexico pharmacies: mexico drug stores pharmacies – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
mexican drugstore online: medication from mexico pharmacy – buying prescription drugs in mexico
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican mail order pharmacies – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
purple pharmacy mexico price list: reputable mexican pharmacies online – buying from online mexican pharmacy
buying prescription drugs in mexico mexico drug stores pharmacies mexico pharmacy
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: mexico drug stores pharmacies – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexico drug stores pharmacies: medicine in mexico pharmacies – mexican rx online
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: reputable mexican pharmacies online – medicine in mexico pharmacies
mexican pharmacy buying prescription drugs in mexico buying from online mexican pharmacy
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa – medicine in mexico pharmacies
buying from online mexican pharmacy: medicine in mexico pharmacies – purple pharmacy mexico price list
buying prescription drugs in mexico: mexican mail order pharmacies – mexico drug stores pharmacies
best online pharmacies in mexico: medicine in mexico pharmacies – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
best online pharmacies in mexico: mexican rx online – best online pharmacies in mexico
mexican pharmaceuticals online: mexican drugstore online – buying prescription drugs in mexico
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican pharmaceuticals online – best online pharmacies in mexico
purple pharmacy mexico price list: mexico drug stores pharmacies – pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
buy cheap propecia prices: propecia brand name – cost of generic propecia for sale
http://cytotecbestprice.pro/# cytotec pills buy online
https://propeciabestprice.pro/# buying cheap propecia online
buy generic propecia: buying generic propecia without prescription – buy generic propecia
https://cytotecbestprice.pro/# order cytotec online
https://propeciabestprice.pro/# buying propecia price
zithromax for sale usa: zithromax 250 price – buy zithromax 1000mg online
https://propeciabestprice.pro/# cost propecia prices
zithromax over the counter canada: zithromax price south africa – where to get zithromax
buy propecia without dr prescription: order cheap propecia without a prescription – cost of cheap propecia
buy zithromax online fast shipping: zithromax 500 price – zithromax 500mg price in india
https://cytotecbestprice.pro/# cytotec buy online usa
nolvadex price: tamoxifen and weight loss – nolvadex d
I can’t express how much I value the effort the author has put into creating this remarkable piece of content. The clarity of the writing, the depth of analysis, and the wealth of information presented are simply remarkable. His enthusiasm for the subject is obvious, and it has certainly resonated with me. Thank you, author, for providing your wisdom and enriching our lives with this exceptional article!
where can i buy prednisone online without a prescription: online prednisone – prednisone tablets
https://propeciabestprice.pro/# cost of cheap propecia tablets
zithromax 1000 mg pills: zithromax antibiotic – zithromax price canada
Trouvez la meilleure offre pour médicaments en ligne
sandoz Berthoud comprar medicamentos con confianza
comprare farmaci online all’estero: kamagra – acquisto farmaci con ricetta
acquistare farmaci senza ricetta: Farmacia online piu conveniente – acquistare farmaci senza ricetta
farmaci senza ricetta elenco: Cialis generico 5 mg prezzo – farmacia online
farmacie online affidabili: kamagra oral jelly – Farmacie on line spedizione gratuita
Temp mail I just like the helpful information you provide in your articles
Farmacie online sicure: Tadalafil generico migliore – Farmacia online piГ№ conveniente
คาสิโนสด เดิมพันออนไลน์ fun88 เว็บไซต์พนันออนไลน์ชั้นนำของประเทศไทย fun888asia ทางเข้า fun88
https://sildenafil.llc/# viagra pills
viagra coupon: Cheap Viagra 100mg – viagra without prescription
https://tadalafil.auction/# cialis buy australia online
generic cialis testimonials: Generic Tadalafil 20mg price – buy generic cialis in canada
http://mexicopharmacy.win/# mexican mail order pharmacies
ed online pharmacy
best online pharmacy india: Top mail order pharmacies – top online pharmacy india
https://edpillpharmacy.store/# cheap ed medication
http://indiapharmacy.shop/# world pharmacy india
edmeds
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican pharmacy – purple pharmacy mexico price list
https://indiapharmacy.shop/# best online pharmacy india
buy erectile dysfunction pills
https://edpillpharmacy.store/# erectile dysfunction medicine online
pills for erectile dysfunction online: online ed prescription same-day – cheap ed pills
Hi there, just was alert to your weblog via Google, and found that it’s really informative. I?m gonna watch out for brussels. I?ll be grateful when you continue this in future. Numerous other folks can be benefited out of your writing. Cheers!
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexico pharmacy win – mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
https://indiapharmacy.shop/# Online medicine order
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa: mexico pharmacy win – purple pharmacy mexico price list
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican pharmacy – medication from mexico pharmacy
I?ve been exploring for a little bit for any high quality articles or blog posts on this sort of area . Exploring in Yahoo I at last stumbled upon this website. Reading this info So i am happy to express that I have a very good uncanny feeling I came upon exactly what I needed. I such a lot certainly will make certain to don?t omit this website and provides it a look regularly.
http://mexicopharmacy.win/# reputable mexican pharmacies online
https://indiapharmacy.shop/# india pharmacy mail order
https://indiapharmacy.shop/# buy prescription drugs from india
http://indiapharmacy.shop/# Online medicine home delivery
http://edpillpharmacy.store/# online ed prescription
https://mexicopharmacy.win/# purple pharmacy mexico price list
Don’t fall for high-pressure sales tactics, the promise of guaranteed returns or too good to be true claims. You should check out the red flags of investment fraud on Investor.gov as well as check to see if the investment professional you’re dealing with is registered. Take time to make the right investment decision for you. Ask questions and demand clear answers. You can find sample questions, such as “Who exactly am I contracting with?” and “What will my money be used for?” here. Let our experts guide you through your crypto strategy and implementation, using proven strategies informed by thousands of successful projects. We take the extra effort to consider the nuances of your business and the quickly evolving landscape of web3, and tailor recommendations to meet your current and future needs.
https://stalinarch.ru/wiki/index.php/Gas_eth_tracker
Corbet, S., Lucey, B., Urquhart, A., & Yarovaya, L. (2019). Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis. International Review of Financial Analysis,62, 182–199. Wu Blockchain reports that the top crypto exchange, Coinbase, has seen 53,400 ETH inflows, citing CryptoQuant data. Through a comprehensive analysis of topological dynamics and market properties, we revealed that various changes have occurred in the cryptocurrency market due to the influence of the COVID-19 outbreak. We also concluded that the approach through mutual information is more effective in identifying these changes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort in the literature for network analysis, using linear and non-linear approaches to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on the cryptocurrency market behavior during 2019 and 2020. The overview of the methodology conducted for this study is described in Fig 1.
купить билет на самолет из сыктывкара
в сочи прямой рейс магазины печи для
бани в дзержинске магазины женской одежды в казани
адреса самый популярный
маршрутки авиаторов балашиха гостиница лондон новокуйбышевск официальный горные
трассы нижний новгород
consulta el precio del medicamentos en Lima Heunet Cavenago di Brianza Migliore offerta online per farmaci a Bruxelles
NewsNow aims to be the world’s most accurate and comprehensive Arsenal FC transfer news aggregator, bringing you the latest Gunners transfer rumours from the best Arsenal sites and other key national and international news sources. This service is provided on talkSPORT Ltd’s Terms of Use in accordance with our Privacy Policy. Dennis Bergkamp, known for his sublime touch and visionary passing, is another Arsenal legend who played a pivotal role in the club’s triumphs, contributing to their unbeaten league season in 2003-2004. Clarke is believed to be keen on a move away from the Stadium of Light as he seeks to play at the highest level possible and establish himself in the Premier League. Founded in 1886, Arsenal are one of most successful and well-supported football clubs in the world. Arsenal have been a top-flight football club for over 90 years, the longest streak in English football history. Arsenal also have the record for the longest unbeaten run in England’s top-flight, and their 2003-04 title-winning team under Arsene Wenger were nicknamed The Invincibles.
https://caidenyedz628509.vidublog.com/27337364/liverpool-fc-latest-news-today
By clicking ‘Create Account and Subscribe’ you agree to us creating an account for you and subscribing you to our newsletter in accordance with our Privacy Policy and Legal Notice. Check out all of the DStv Premiership standings and find a complete list of top scorers by season and previous winners. All Games | LIVE | Finished | Odds Another intervention is transitioning Rapport, City Press and Daily Sun into digital-only brands. Media24 also plans to sell On the Dot, the media logistics business, and the community newspaper portfolio, to Novus Holdings, subject to regulatory approvals. REFRESH Talk of Premier League games being taken to America continues to rage, with Darren Anderton speculating on Tottenham facing Arsenal in the States. Subscribe only to Soccer Laduma
prix du médicaments en Belgique Heunet Freiburg im Breisgau erhalte Medikamente ohne
Rezept in der Schweiz
médicaments disponible immédiatement Alter Lurate Caccivio médicaments commander en France
cytotec abortion pill https://lisinopril.guru/# lisinopril 20 mg tablets
lasix side effects
tamoxifen buy Purchase Nolvadex Online tamoxifen lawsuit
https://lisinopril.guru/# lisinopril 5mg tabs
Medikamente ohne Rezept in Zürich, Schweiz erhältlich
Genfar Parabiago comprimés génériques sans ordonnance
trouver des médicaments acheter farmalider Porto San Giorgio Waar medicijnen zonder recept te verkrijgen
п»їcytotec pills online Misoprostol price in pharmacy buy cytotec online
Wo Medikamente kaufen galpharm Heemstede aankoop
van medicijnen in Spanje
cytotec online https://cytotec.pro/# purchase cytotec
generic lasix
https://cytotec.pro/# buy cytotec
online verkoop van medicijnen Silarx Roncaglia Ontvang medicijnen zonder voorschrift gemakkelijk online
buy cytotec online fast delivery http://lisinopril.guru/# lisinopril 20 mg tabs
furosemide 40mg
http://tamoxifen.bid/# tamoxifen 20 mg tablet
buy misoprostol over the counter cytotec best price cytotec pills buy online
cytotec online https://lipitor.guru/# generic lipitor 10mg
lasix 40 mg
sprzedaż online leków we Francji Pharlab Aarlen prijs van medicijnen zonder voorschrift
https://tamoxifen.bid/# nolvadex vs clomid
prinzide zestoretic: Lisinopril online prescription – lisinopril 2.5 mg for sale
Misoprostol 200 mg buy online http://furosemide.win/# lasix tablet
furosemide 40mg
20 mg lisinopril without a prescription: buy lisinopril – lisinopril price without insurance
Your site does not render properly on my i phone – you may wanna try and fix that
https://lisinopril.guru/# zestril price
lisinopril 15 mg: lisinopril 40 mg purchase – lisinopril 20 tablet
buy cytotec pills https://cytotec.pro/# buy cytotec online
furosemida
lipitor 10mg tablets: buy lipitor 20mg – lipitor price drop
https://cytotec.pro/# buy cytotec online
buy cytotec over the counter https://lipitor.guru/# lipitor 40 mg cost
lasix
Hi! This is my 1st comment here so I just wanted to give a quick shout out and tell you I truly enjoy reading through your blog posts. Can you recommend any other blogs/websites/forums that deal with the same subjects? Thanks!
medicijnen online bestellen zonder voorschrift in Nederland
Viofar Villars-sur-Glâne médicaments sur ordonnance médicale
I believe that a foreclosures can have a major effect on the applicant’s life. Home foreclosures can have a 7 to a decade negative influence on a debtor’s credit report. A new borrower that has applied for a home loan or just about any loans even, knows that the particular worse credit rating is definitely, the more tough it is for any decent personal loan. In addition, it could affect a borrower’s capability to find a respectable place to lease or hire, if that turns into the alternative housing solution. Great blog post.
когда в июне начинает расти луна 13 31 на часах в отношениях, 13:31 для одиноких
спускаться к реке во сне, плавать
в реке во сне для женщины
снятся зеленые розы 88 что
значит в нумерологии, 88 в дате
рождения
Thank you for another magnificent post. Where else could anybody get that kind of info in such a perfect way of writing? I’ve a presentation next week, and I am on the look for such information.
Hey there! Do you know if they make any plugins to safeguard against hackers? I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything I’ve worked hard on. Any suggestions?
La weekly naturally like your web site however you need to take a look at the spelling on several of your posts. A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I find it very bothersome to tell the truth on the other hand I will surely come again again.
Hello there, You have done a fantastic job. I?ll certainly digg it and in my view recommend to my friends. I am sure they will be benefited from this web site.
I’ve observed that in the world of today, video games include the latest rage with children of all ages. Often times it may be not possible to drag your children away from the activities. If you want the best of both worlds, there are many educational activities for kids. Great post.
Thanks for your exciting article. Other thing is that mesothelioma is generally a result of the breathing of fibres from mesothelioma, which is a positivelly dangerous material. It really is commonly noticed among personnel in the construction industry who definitely have long experience of asbestos. It can also be caused by living in asbestos covered buildings for a long time of time, Genetics plays a crucial role, and some individuals are more vulnerable on the risk as compared to others.
Hi there would you mind letting me know which web host you’re using? I’ve loaded your blog in 3 completely different internet browsers and I must say this blog loads a lot faster then most. Can you recommend a good internet hosting provider at a fair price? Thanks a lot, I appreciate it!
In these days of austerity in addition to relative panic about taking on debt, many people balk against the idea of employing a credit card to make purchase of merchandise or perhaps pay for a holiday, preferring, instead only to rely on the actual tried in addition to trusted approach to making settlement – raw cash. However, if you possess the cash there to make the purchase entirely, then, paradoxically, this is the best time for them to use the credit cards for several reasons.
https://mexstarpharma.com/# mexican pharmaceuticals online
https://easyrxcanada.online/# buy prescription drugs from canada cheap
http://mexstarpharma.com/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
http://mexstarpharma.com/# mexican mail order pharmacies
https://easyrxindia.shop/# top 10 pharmacies in india
https://mexstarpharma.com/# п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
https://mexstarpharma.online/# mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
Thanks for enabling me to get new strategies about personal computers. I also contain the belief that certain of the best ways to maintain your notebook in best condition is by using a hard plastic material case, and also shell, that fits over the top of your computer. Most of these protective gear are usually model specific since they are made to fit perfectly above the natural covering. You can buy them directly from the owner, or via third party sources if they are for your notebook, however its not all laptop will have a cover on the market. All over again, thanks for your tips.
http://easyrxcanada.com/# canada pharmacy
https://mexstarpharma.com/# buying prescription drugs in mexico
Real Estate I do not even understand how I ended up here, but I assumed this publish used to be great
Real Estate naturally like your web site however you need to take a look at the spelling on several of your posts. A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I find it very bothersome to tell the truth on the other hand I will surely come again again.
deneme bonusu: deneme bonusu – deneme bonusu
sweet bonanza demo oyna: sweet bonanza bahis – sweet bonanza slot demo
Internet Chicks This was beautiful Admin. Thank you for your reflections.
역대최저가격강남가라오케강남가라오케가격정보
Thanks for one’s marvelous posting! I quite enjoyed reading it, you can be a great author.I will make certain to bookmark your blog and may come back from now on. I want to encourage you to definitely continue your great job, have a nice morning!
역대최저가격강남가라오케강남가라오케가격정보
역대최저가격강남가라오케퍼펙트가라오케
역대최저가격강남셔츠룸강남셔츠룸가격정보
역대최저가격사라있네가라오케사라있네가격정보
역대최저가격선릉셔츠룸선릉셔츠룸가격정보
역대최저가격강남셔츠룸강남셔츠룸가격정보
역대최저가격강남가라오케강남가라오케가격정보
역대최저가격강남룸싸롱강남룸싸롱가격정보
역대최저가격강남세미카페강남세미카페가격정보
역대최저가격강남세미텐카페강남세미텐카페가격정보
역대최저가격강남하이퍼블릭강남하이퍼블릭가격정보
역대최저가격강남가라오케강남가라오케가격정보
역대최저가격강남셔츠룸강남셔츠룸가격정보
역대최저가격강남하이퍼블릭강남하이퍼블릭가격정보
역대최저가격CNN셔츠룸강남셔츠룸가격정보
Hi there just wanted to give you a quick heads up. The text in your content seem to be running off the screen in Firefox. I’m not sure if this is a format issue or something to do with web browser compatibility but I thought I’d post to let you know. The design and style look great though! Hope you get the issue resolved soon. Thanks
Good site! I truly love how it is simple on my eyes and the data are well written. I am wondering how I could be notified whenever a new post has been made. I have subscribed to your RSS which must do the trick! Have a great day!
medicamentos à acheter en Espagne sans problème Cevallos Boulogne Sur Mer medicijnen zonder recept
verkrijgbaar
http://denemebonusuverensiteler.win/# bahis siteleri
en yeni slot siteleri: yasal slot siteleri – deneme bonusu veren siteler
http://sweetbonanza.network/# sweet bonanza 100 tl
slot bahis siteleri: en guvenilir slot siteleri – deneme bonusu veren siteler
https://sweetbonanza.network/# sweet bonanza nas?l oynan?r
slot siteleri guvenilir: en iyi slot siteleri – slot oyunlar? siteleri
http://slotsiteleri.bid/# guvenilir slot siteleri
казино вавада казино вавада казино вавада
vavada казино: vavada казино – вавада рабочее зеркало
http://vavada.auction/# vavada online casino
vavada казино: вавада – вавада
http://1win.directory/# 1вин официальный сайт
1win: 1win официальный сайт – 1win
всё или ничего с адамом сэндлером смотреть онлайн, новый фильм с адамом сэндлером глово колл центр шымкент, глово колл центр астана капитал строительная компания, capital invest
construction владелец ең таза көл, ең таза
мемлекет
http://vavada.auction/# казино вавада
1вин сайт: 1win зеркало – ван вин
https://vavada.auction/# вавада
ван вин: ван вин – 1win зеркало
bi group основатели, bi group вакансии центр поддержки предпринимателей, поддержка малого бизнеса в казахстане
2023 аренда дома алматы, крыша кз алматы аренда домов без посредников помесячно
жердің қозғалысы, жердің осьтік айналуының географиялық салдары
1хбет зеркало: зеркало 1хбет – 1xbet зеркало рабочее на сегодня
Need Paper Help? Look no further! Expert assistance can transform your writing, ensuring clarity, precision, and quality. Whether you’re tackling a complex research paper or a simple essay, professional support helps you excel and meet deadlines effortlessly. Get the help you need and elevate your academic performance today!
Visit: https://myassignmenthelp.com/ca/paper-help.html